(三)分词(v + ing 和v + ed) 1.分词的语法功能
分词在句中可作定语、状语、补足语和表语
作定语
现在分词表示主动，进行，过去分词表示被动，完成。
注意：
现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或表示现状。同时表示主动。
例如：
Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.
过去分词作定语时，表示完成的动作。同时表示被动。有时过去分词仅仅表示被动。
例如：
We've met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.(表被动和完成)
Some of the questions _____ in the book are easy to perform.(仅表被动)
A.being described
B.described
C.to be described
D.Having been described
答案：B
不定式作定语表示即将发生的动作。
例如：
The question _____ tomorrow is whether income tax should be increased.
A.to be debated
B.to debate
C.debated
D.is debated
答案：A
作状语
分词或分词短语可作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。现在分词作状语含有主动的意思，过去分词作状语含有被动的意思，或是表示状态。
例如：
① ______ ,he had asked three persons before he got there.
A.Not knowing where was the bookstore
B.Knowing not where the bookstore was
C.Not knowing where the bookstore was
D.Not to know where the bookstore was
答案：C
②______ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a "blue planet".
A.Seen
B.Seeing
C.To be seen
D.Having seen
答案：A
注意：
分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。
例如：
Waiting for a bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane's weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds.
Made of plastic, I didn't expect the chairs would be that strong.
以上三句话应当分别改为：
While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me.
By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 to 110 pounds.
As the chairs were made of plastic, I didn't expect they would be that strong.
分词的独立结构
分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为分词独立结构。
例如：
The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.
(= When the work has been done, they put away their tools and left the workshop.)
His health failing, he decided to retire from office.
(= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.)
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